PSY330 - Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com Social Comparison Theory | Psychology Today Kurt Lewin - Wikipedia HCT Chapter 16: Cognitive Dissonance Theory of ... - Quizlet In Freudian psychoanalysis, the phallic stage is the third stage of psychosexual development, spanning the ages of three to six years, wherein the infant's libido (desire) centers upon their genitalia as the erogenous zone. cognitive coping. Piaget's theory of cognitive development and epistemological view are together called "genetic epistemology".. Piaget placed great importance on the education of . Festinger (1956) When Prophecy fails Background The classic 1954 study by Festinger carried out a study of a small UFO cult called the Seekers that believed that a great flood was imminent and that spacemen would rescue those who were true believers. Cognitive Dissonance Theory | Simply Psychology Festinger became interested in the phenomenon during his time at the University of Minnesota, during which he read about doomsday cults who believed messages from extraterrestrial aliens were communicating the world would end with a great flood on a specific date. Cognitive dissonance was first investigated by Leon Festinger, after an observational study of a cult that believed that the earth was going to be destroyed by a flood. d) people will lie when asked to by a world-renowned researcher Social Psychology | Simply Psychology When children become aware of their bodies, the bodies of other children, and the bodies of their parents . Selective exposure theory - Wikipedia One of the most popular examples of the cognitive dissonance theory in action is when a cult believed a UFO would land on earth, and destroy everyone except them. Attitudes any belief or opinion that has an evaluative component-- a judgement or feeling that something is good or bad, likable or unlikable, moral or immoral, attractive, or repulsive; some scientists believe these serve as mental guides that people use to make behavioral choices Attitudes the evaluative beliefs that we have about our social world and the entities within it Attractiveness . Social Comparison Theory: #N# <h2>What Is Social Comparison Theory?</h2>#N# <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden">#N . People find consistency comfortable and prefer to be consistent in their thoughts, beliefs, emotions, values, attitudes, and actions. quizlet (17).pdf - Attitudes any belief or opinion that ... He was one of the key pioneers of developmental psychology.. Kagan has shown that an infant's "temperament" is quite stable over time, in that certain . 13-09-2021. "Cognitive consequences of forced compliance". Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, beliefs, intentions and goals are constructed within a social context by the actual or imagined interactions with others. It is widely known that Plato, pupil of and close friend to Socrates, accepted that Human Beings have a " Tripartite Soul " where individual Human Psychology is composed of three aspects - Wisdom . In 1954 Leon Festinger, a brilliant young experimental social psychologist in the process of inventing a new theory of human behavior - the theory of cognitive dissonance - and two of his colleagues, Henry Riecken and Stanley Schachter, infiltrated a cult who believed the end of the world was only months away. -4 observers were located at each house that the cult occupied (2 separate . On the other hand, when someone is unhappy or is unmotivated, he usually engages in downward comparisons in order to feel better about himself.Studies have shown that if given a chance, people usually choose to make upward comparisons instead . Stanley Milgram, (born August 15, 1933, New York City, New York, U.S.—died December 20, 1984, New York City), American social psychologist known for his controversial and groundbreaking experiments on obedience to authority. Social comparison theory was first proposed in 1954 by psychologist Leon Festinger and suggested that people have an innate drive to evaluate themselves, often in comparison to others. J. Cooper, K.M. Psychology. Kurt Lewin (/ l ə ˈ v iː n / lə-VEEN; 9 September 1890 - 12 February 1947) was a German-American psychologist, known as one of the modern pioneers of social, organizational, and applied psychology in the United States. 60 Aggression Cognitive consistency is one of the earliest concepts associated with social psychology. Festinger et al. It was conducted in 1971 by Philip Zimbardo of Stanford University. It may also happen when a person holds two . I wanted to make the point that Festinger study in 1957 paid participants $1 or $20, and the conversion for that today is $7.92 and $158.83. It provides an introduction to the theory and covers the topics of cognitive dissonance following decisions, the effects of forced compliance, the impacts of voluntary and involuntary exposure to information, and the role of social support. By Dr. Saul McLeod, published 2007. The most famous and widely cited of these theories is Cognitive Dissonance (CDT). C) offer your subjects a generous reward or severe punishment as inducement. 05, 2016. 13 terms. Milgram's obedience experiments, in addition to other studies that he carried out during his career, generally are considered to have provided important insight into . Cognitive conflict is the discomfort one feels when his beliefs, values or behaviors contradict one another. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. Festinger, L. and Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). 4,952 views. claimed that, as a result of this restraint on an individual's usual behavior, the individual becomes "able to indulge in forms of behavior in which, when alone, they would not Mare BSE & infertility. Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. Promotive, disruptive, counteractive. School International School of Business, UEH; Course Title MANA 123; Uploaded By HighnessHeat7873. d. 59 Hindsight Bias After learning an outcome, the tendency to believe that we could have predicted it beforehand may contribute to blaming the victim and forming a prejudice against them. Answer Selected Answer: attitudes; behavior Correct Answer: attitudes; behavior Response Feedback: While Festinger argued that attitudes follow behavior, other researchers asked whether there was any relationship at all. Social comparison theory was first proposed in 1954 by psychologist Leon Festinger and suggested that people have an innate drive to evaluate themselves, often in comparison to others. B) use reverse psychology by asking them to believe the opposite. c) there is a gender difference associated with cognitive dissonance . Festinger, Schachter, and Back (1950) studied friendship formation in people who had recently moved into a large housing complex. qutab shahi awan August 13, 2020 noémi and michael neidorff. Cognitive dissonance describes the discomfort experienced when two cognitions are incompatible with each other. Leon Festinger and his colleagues wanted to observe the cult members, however their beliefs stated that they needed to stay isolated from non-believers 2. 76. COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY THEORIESCognitive consistency theories have their origins in the principles of Gestalt psychology, which suggests that people seek to perceive the environment in ways that are simple and coherent (Köhler 1929). The original book by Leon Festinger is a staple on every (social) psychologist's bookshelf. Festinger was referring to the result of the cognitive dissonance people feel when something we have worked incredibly hard to achieve turns out to be quite disappointing. The results of Asch's experiment resonate with what we know to be true about the nature of social forces and norms in our lives. The Social Comparison Theory was originally proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954. For instance, if a person believes that honesty is the best policy in maintaining relationships, but then holds back the truth from a good friend, he might feel cognitive conflict. His experiments are also remembered for their ethical issues, which contributed to changes in how experiments can be performed today. 21 cards. leon festinger is best known for quizlet. In the Beginning. Exercise Physiology Test 2. Social comparison theory, initially proposed by social psychologist Leon Festinger in 1954, centers on the belief that there is a drive within individuals to gain accurate self-evaluations. b) dissonance is created by a person doing something for a smaller reward. Festinger and Carlsmith argue that the pressure to cognitive dissonance will be greatest when one ____ after receiving _____ . The theory of CD, one of the most influential and extensively studied theories in social psychology, is shown to be highly compatible with recent developments in PP. Out of this study was born an intriguing experiment conducted by Festinger and Carlsmith where participants were asked to He was interested in attitude-behavior consistency. Those assigned to play the role of . Other Quizlet sets. festinger, henry riecken, and stanley schachter, published in 1956, detailing a study of a small ufo religion in chicago called the seekers that believed in an imminent apocalypse.the authors took a particular interest in the … In the field of psychology, cognitive dissonance is the perception of contradictory information. 40 terms. The prophecy was supposedly Cognitive dissonance is the feeling of discomfort people experience when our behavior becomes inconsistent with our self-concept, the perception of ourselves in the past . Cognitive consistency theories have their beginnings in a number of seemingly unrelated research areas (Eagly and Chaiken 1993). Cognitive dissonance is a very common phenomenon that we . Cognitive dissonance arises from incompatibility of thoughts that . One of the key ways in which People make judgments about themselves, is through social comparison, or analyzing the self in relation . When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors (dissonance), something must change to eliminate the . Festinger believed the need to avoid dissonance is as basic as the need for food. The word "emotion" was coined in the early 1800s by Thomas Brown and it is around the 1830s that the modern concept of emotion first emerged for the English . Theorist Biography Leon Festinger, (1919 - 1989), was born to Russian-Jewish immigrants Alex Festinger and Sara Solomon Festinger in Brooklyn, New York. Leon Festinger's 1957 A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance is a key text in the history of psychology - one that made its author one of the most influential social psychologists of his time. procedure. The tendency of people to believe the world is just, and people get what they deserve and deserve what they get (the just-world phenomenon). During his professional career Lewin applied himself to three general topics: applied research, action research, and group communication. Leon Festinger went to Boys' High School and acquired a bachelor's degree in science at City College, New York in 1939. Social comparison is a normal behavior strategy where we seek to better understand our status relating to ability, opinion, emotional reaction, and more, by comparing ourselves to other people. A woman, "Mrs. Keech," reported receiving messages from extraterrestrial aliens that the world would end in a great flood on a specific date. Festinger's (1957) cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we have an inner drive to hold all our attitudes and behavior in harmony and avoid disharmony (or dissonance). Fritz Heider is typically credited with first noting, in 1946, the concept within social psychological theory. Quiz 3- Chapter 3 Organizational Behavior Question 1 Leon Festinger argued that _____ follow(s) _____. Selective exposure is a theory within the practice of psychology, often used in media and communication research, that historically refers to individuals' tendency to favor information which reinforces their pre-existing views while avoiding contradictory information. Deception is the cornerstone of the experiment conceived by Leon Festinger in the year 1959. They found not only that people became friends with those who lived near them but that people who lived nearer the mailboxes and at the foot of the stairway in the building (where they were more likely to come into . The unease or tension that the conflict arouses in people is relieved by one of several defensive maneuvers: they reject, explain away, or avoid the new information; persuade themselves that no conflict really exists; reconcile the differences; or resort to any other defensive . Leon Festinger introduced the concept of cognitive dissonance as psychological tension in 1957. Mar. He hoped to exhibit cognitive dissonance in an experiment which was cleverly disguised as a performance experiment. As a psychological theory, it . Subjects were randomly assigned to play the role of "prisoner" or "guard". Is the degree to which employees believe the. Festinger and Carlsmith had experimental participants perform a dull task, but paid them to lie to a prospective participant that the task had been enjoyable. According to Festinger's minimal justification hypothesis, the best way to affect long-term attitudinal change is to: A) persuade your subjects that the desired attitude is desirable. Festinger believed that avoiding dissonance is important, but not as basic as the need for safety or food. Suggest one real-world example potentially involving cognitive dissonance and indicate several ways that dissonance may be reduced in the situation you describe. cognitive coping. According to Festinger, the $1/$20 experiment illustrates. The theory of cognitive dissonance is elegantly simple: it states that inconsistency between two cognitions creates an aversive state akin to hunger or thirst that gives rise to a motivation to reduce the inconsistency. Relevant When Prophecy Fails. Festinger and his partners became part of a cult that believed the world would end on 21st Dec and that they would be save (as they are believers) by flying saucers. He was curious about how they would react when the prophecy failed. Stanley Milgram was a social psychologist best-remembered for his now infamous obedience experiments. Social Psychology. The theory explains how individuals evaluate their own opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others in order to reduce uncertainty in these domains, and learn how to define the self. Carlsmith, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001 1 Foundations of Dissonance Theory. According to Leon Festinger (1957 . Speaking- admitting sound ways- picked up by oracle- sounds waves go to ear canal- amplified- eardrum- inner ear- cochlea- action potential- auditory nerve- temporal lobe . a) the greater the reward, the more likely a person will behave attitudinally. His research demonstrated how far people are willing to go to obey authority. Results showed that the participants who were paid _____ came to believe the task had been _____. When nothing of the sort happened, the cult justified it by saying that the aliens had given the earth 'another chance'. Jerome Kagan (February 25, 1929 - May 10, 2021) was an American psychologist, who was the Daniel and Amy Starch Research Professor of Psychology at Harvard University, as well as, co-faculty at the New England Complex Systems Institute. Cognitive theories of motivation rely on your thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes to explain your motivation. c. According to evolutionary theory, attractiveness may provide a clue to reproductive fitness and health. Chapter 8-Persuasion Flashcards | Quizlet In a test of the self-validation hypothesis, Briñol and Petty (2003) conducted a persuasion study regarding feelings of favorability and confidence in attitudes toward a new type of consumer product (headphones). Festinger believed that the large incentives for changing behavior: . He believed that positive reinforcement was a great tool for shaping behavior, an idea still valued in numerous settings including schools today. Chapter 5 Psychology notes Sensation-taking in sensory information into the brain for perception Perception - is an interpretation process by the brain Transduction is the conversion of physical stimuli into action potential. The behavior and expectations of others shape how we think and act on a daily basis because what we observe among others teaches us what is normal, and expected of us. . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-211. is the degree to which employees believe the organization values their. Festinger, Riecken, and Schachter (1956) acted as participant observers in a group that had become committed to an important belief that was specific enough to be capable of unequivocal disconfirmation. b. On December 21, when the world was supposed to end, they observed how the people reacted when it didn't 4. People believe that attractiveness is correlated with other positive characteristics. 1. Collectively, these are called, "cognitions.". The word "emotion" dates back to 1579, when it was adapted from the French word émouvoir, which means "to stir up".The term emotion was introduced into academic discussion as a catch-all term to passions, sentiments and affections. Leon Festinger first published the theory in 1957 and it is still widely used in research (Cooper, 2007). He did his PhD in psychology from the Univers Festinger, Pepitone, and Newcomb (1952) used the term deindividuation to describe the effect of a crowd or group on the behavior of an individual. Practice all cards Practice all cards done loading. He tested the decision-making process in a cognitive dissonance experiment.. Cognitive dissonance is a sensation that seems to derive from a conflict between the ideas, beliefs, and values of a certain subject and their behavior. -Festinger trained a team of observers who gained entry to the cult by pretending to be true believers. However, in the 1950s, a flurry of psychological theory incorporated the term, with various applications and improvisations. True Festinger's process model of cognitive dissonance starts with an attitude/behavior inconsistency. The results of the study also raise interesting . Leon Festinger - Leon Festinger - Cognitive dissonance: While at the University of Minnesota, Festinger read about a cult that believed that the end of the world was at hand. However, social comparison theory still could not explain why people would change their opinions in order to conform. It therefore looks at human behavior as influenced by other people and the conditions under . Selective exposure has also been known and defined as "congeniality bias" or "confirmation bias" in various texts throughout . A cognition is a piece of knowledge, such as a: The Classic Experiment of Leon Festinger. She attracted a group of followers who left jobs, schools, and spouses and . This is particularly evident in the notion that both theories deal with strategies to reduce . They joined the cult in order to be able to observe them 3. Review Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) classic demonstration of cognitive dissonance, being sure to identify the independent and dependent variables in their study. Social comparison can be useful because it provides us . I personally would still have some discomfort over approx 8 dollars, but over about 160 dollars I would certainly think the task was worth my time! Jean William Fritz Piaget (UK: / p i ˈ æ ʒ eɪ /, US: / ˌ p iː ə ˈ ʒ eɪ, p j ɑː ˈ ʒ eɪ /, French: [ʒɑ̃ pjaʒɛ]; 9 August 1896 - 16 September 1980) was a Swiss psychologist known for his work on child development. Practice all cards. The Stanford Prison Experiment was a landmark psychological study of the human response to captivity, in particular, to the real world circumstances of prison life. Leon Festinger, (born May 8, 1919, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.—died February 11, 1989, New York City), American cognitive psychologist, best known for his theory of cognitive dissonance, according to which inconsistency between thoughts, or between thoughts and actions, leads to discomfort (dissonance), which motivates changes in thoughts or behaviours. Festinger felt that there is a cultural value for self-improvement in our society. The cult was isolated from non-believers so Festinger and others pretended to be believers (COVERT). This, he said, is the link between judgment and change when abilities are involved. The group believed a prophecy that a flood would engulf the continent. According to the social psychologist, the social comparison theory is the idea that there is a drive within individuals to search for outside images in order to evaluate their own opinions and abilities. cognitive dissonance, the mental conflict that occurs when beliefs or assumptions are contradicted by new information. Alicia Nortje, Ph.D. 4. A small UFO cult called the Seekers; they believed that a great flood would occur on Dec. 21, 1954, and spacemen would rescue those who were true believers. Pages 8 This preview shows page 4 - 7 out of 8 pages. EGCC Psychology Ch 12 quiz. Festinger created a new theory to help explain why this might . This is known as the principle of cognitive consistency. Cognitive dissonance is a theory in social psychology. Skinner's beliefs are still being promoted by the . There is a great deal of research showing that physical attractiveness is related to intelligence. Phallic stage. Introduction To Psychology. . In one well-known study that was conducted during an era of anti-Chinese prejudice (LaPiere, 1934), a researcher drove across the U.S. with a Chinese couple, stopping at dozens of restaurants, hotels, auto camps, and tourist homes. It refers to the mental conflict that occurs when a person's behaviors and beliefs do not align. Cognitive dissonance is one form of social comparison. 1 People make all kinds of judgments about themselves, and one of the key ways that we do this is through social comparison, or analyzing the self in .
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