Direct: Experimental Psychology (Camerer et al., 2018) Among the many examined effects, examples include the Stroopeffect,the"verbalovershadowing"effect,andvariousprimingeffectssuchas"anchoring"effects. Although replication is a central tenet of science, direct replications are rare in psychology. Researchers often value other types of replication studies as supplements to direct replication studies.
Replication is described by many as the cornerstone of scientific progress, and the issue has been discussed extensively in the blogosphere of late. if there were any threats to internal validity or flaws in construct validity in the original study, such threats would be repeated in the direct replication too. A direct replication of Cialdini et al.'s (1975) classic door-in-the-face technique. Though 97% of the original studies produced statistically significantresults, only 36% of the replication studies did so (Open Science Collaboration, 2015). The Replication Crisis in Psychology. Thus, a direct replication had little value. In their survey of social science journal editors , Neuliep & Crandall [ 42 ] found almost three quarters preferred to publish novel findings rather than replications. E‐mail: andrew.karpinski@temple.edu Search for more papers by this author When a finding in psychology has not replicated in a direct replication study, one reason might be that the original study used a small sample. Direct replication is the only way to correct such errors. This would mean that if a researcher publishes 3 arti- . Why might . The distinction between direct and conceptual replications has a counterpart in computational modeling. direct replication researchers repeat an original study as closely as they can to see whether the effect is the same in the newly collected data. Last week at APS (the Association for Psychological Science 2014 annual meeting) I heard colleagues—often personal friends—characterized as either methodological simpletons or inscrutable bullies. Still, a direct replication can be functionally the same if it uses the same materials, tasks, etc. Psychology's Reproducibility Project. direct replication. Replication is a term referring to the repetition of a research study, generally with different situations and different subjects, to determine if the basic findings of the original study can be applied to other participants and circumstances. We examined the evidence for heterogeneity (of effect sizes) when only minor changes to sample population and settings were made between studies and explored the association between heterogeneity and average effect size in a sample of 68 meta-analyses from 13 preregistered multilab direct replication projects in social and cognitive psychology. The replication crisis (also called the replicability crisis and the reproducibility crisis) is an ongoing methodological crisis in which it has been found that the results of many scientific studies are difficult or impossible to reproduce.Because the reproducibility of empirical results is an essential part of the scientific method, such failures undermine the credibility of theories . make a compelling case for the necessity of direct replication in psychological science. The purpose of this special issue is to change these incentives. A complete replication of the effect under these lim-ited conditions will open the door to methods that control for contextual factors under which the text generation effect might emerge. Abstract. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. The 1988 study concluded that our facial expressions can influence our mood - so the more we smile, the happier we'll be, and vice versa.. What is Replication? the process of repeating a study with different data under similar conditions, or of conducting several different studies with the same data. The replication of a target experiment must be direct (as truthful as possible to the target experiment), performed by independent researchers not We conducted a large-scale, collaborative effort to obtain an initial estimate of the reproducibility of psychological science. There has been a replication crisis for a great number of psychological studies cannot be successfully replicated or does not include all the information . when specifying AOIs), improving (e.g. a School of Psychology, Université d'Ottawa Abstract The Quantitative Methods for Psychology journal begins the publication of replication studies. Although replication is an important part of the science of psychology, many of the incentives in the field do not encourage replication studies (e.g., Nosek, Spies, & Motyl, 2012). First, there is a type called "exact replication" (also called "direct replication"). False Statement(s) Direct replication studies use the same variables as the original study but operationalize them in different ways. There are different types of replication.
Whilst replication is often casually referred to as a cornerstone of the scientific method, direct replication studies (as they might be understood from Schmidt or Gómez, Juristo, and Vegas's typologies above) are a rare event in the published literature of some scientific disciplines, most notably the life and social sciences. This question frequently arose after a groundbreaking project revealed that psychology is facing a replication crisis. Like several other new .
In order for psychology to become more self-correcting (Jussim et al., 2016), we encourage researchers to test and publish replications of their past work. Direct replication is certainly an important part of the process, but if we rely solely on reproducing the same result over and over again then we run the risk of making the same mistakes over and over . Direct replication is the only way to correct such errors. Notably, we held methods and materials constant across these populations to allow for direct replication (Simons, 2014). I identified five articles in which the authors had published at least one experiment with random assignment to one of two conditions using methods that were feasible in the context of the course, and that had some hope of being of broad interest. and average effect size in a sample of 68 meta-analyses from 13 preregistered multilab direct replication projects in social and cognitive psychology. 4, page 3 of 13 be that researchers strive to execute and publish 1 inde-pendent direct replication (of another researcher's finding) for every 4 (first-author) original studies they publish per year. [32] That is changing. I am personally quite agnostic as to the value of the current interest in direct replication. Almost all participants (98% of Australians and 96% of Italians) defined replication as direct replication (i.e., using the exact same method as in the original experiment). If the study gets the same result twice (or more), we say that the study's findings are replicable. Figure 3.19: Example of direct replication and conceptual replication of Asch's conformity experiment. First, there is a type called "exact replication" (also called "direct replication"). Replication studies are broadly classified as: Exact or Direct replications- Direct replication is the repetition of an experimental procedure to the exact degree as possible. A External validity says that study results can be replicated and generalized to the world.
Nahari, Vrij, and Fischer [(2014b), "Applied Cognitive Psychology," 28, 122-128] found that, when participants were forewarned that their statements would be checked for verifiable details, truth tellers gave much more verifiable details than liars. Psychology faces a replication crisis. Example of direct replication and conceptual replication of Asch's conformity experiment. More broadly, this study demonstrates the importance of direct replication for establishing the robustness of results. and is designed to generalize across the same variations as the original. Of course, one failed direct replication does not mean the effect is non-existent—science depends on the accumulation of evidence.
Some have even suggested that replication is .
In the aggregate, 10 effects replicated consistently. when predefining the critical . Recently, the science of psychology has come under criticism because a number of research findings do not replicate. An analysis of the publication history in the top 100 psychology journals between 1900 and 2012 indicated that approximately 1.6% of all psychology publications were replication attempts. The present study attempted to closely replicate Roberts, Smith, Jackson, and Edmonds (2009) who found, in part, a compensatory effect such that individuals with spouses higher in conscientiousness reported higher self-rated health and fewer physical limitations in the Health and Retirement Study. Although replication is an important part of the science of psychology, many of the incentives in the field do not encourage replication studies (e.g., Nosek, Spies, & Motyl, 2012). However, the replication rate did . The failure to find an effect with a well-powered direct replication must be taken as evidence against the original effect. Evidence for heterogeneity of effect sizes was studied when only minor changes to sample population and settings were made between studies. Here's a useful discussion paper that is critical of the feasibility of direct replication (see attachment): Stroebe, W., & Strack, F. (2014). Instead, I have focused on famous replication controversies from the past alongside the development of psychology's favored research methods.
People on all sides of the recent push for direct replication—a push I find both charming and naive—are angry. Direct replication is the attemptto recreate the conditions believed sufficient for obtaining a previously observed finding (7, 8) and is the means of establishing reproducibility of a finding with new data. The purpose of this special issue is to change these incentives. Unfortunately, there is no standard terminology to go with it (Plesser 2018).Claerbout, who was the first to call for replicability in computational modeling, marked the distinction using the terms "reproduction" and "replication" (see Claerbout and Karrenbach 1992). Direct: Experimental Psychology (Patil et al., 2016) Using reported data from the Open Science Collaboration (2015) replication study in psychology, reanalyzed the results: 77% of the studies replicated by comparing the original effect size to an estimated 95% CI of the replication. The alleged crisis and the illusion of exact replication.
In this form, a scientist attempts to exactly recreate the scientific methods used in conditions of an . This commentary argues that direct replication by multiple laboratories is the only way to verify the reliability of an effect and questions the value of direct replicationby other laboratories are problematic. cussion of replication theory with replication practice, elimi-nated Lykken's (1968) literal replication (because it essentially requires the original investigator to gather data from additional participants) and reframed the latter two types as direct and conceptual replications. The research included all 68 pre-registered multi-lab direct replication projects in social and cognitive psychology up to now. As Machery clarifies, "as a first approximation, a replication is direct if and only if it aims to be identical to an original experiment save for its sample of participants" (546). This research tested variation in the replicability of 13 classic and contemporary effects across 36 independent samples totaling 6,344 participants. The two latest examples are widely cited papers from 1988 and 1998. The Replication Crisis Is Not Over. Of course, one failed direct replication does not mean the effect is non-existent—science depends on the accumulation of evidence.
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